10 Introduction
Part 1
12 GERMANIC LANGUAGES
12 1.1.Classification of Germanic Languages
12 1.2.Ancient Germanic Tribes and their Classification
13 1.3. GermanicAlphabets
14 1.4.Some Phonetic Peculiarities of Germanic Languages
14 1.4.1.Consonants
14 1.4.1.1.The First Consonant Shift (Grimm’s Law)
15 1.4.1.2. Verner`s Law
16 1.4.2.Word – Stress
16 1.4.3.Vowels
16 1.4.3.1. Stressed Vowels
17 1.4.3.2.Germanic Fracture (Breaking)
18 1.4.3.3. Gradation or Ablaut
19 1.4.3.4. Unstressed Vowels
19 1.5.Grammatical Peculiarities of Germanic Languages
19 1.5.1.The Noun
21 1.5.2.The Adjective
22 1.5.3.The Verb
24 1.6. Vocabulary
Part 2
OLD ENGLISH
26 2.1. Periods in the History of English
27 2.2.Historical Background
27 2.2.1. The Roman Conquest of Britain
28 2.2.2.The Anglo-Saxon Conquest of Britain
30 2.3.Alphabet and Pronunciation
32 2.4. Old English Dialects and Written Records
32 2.5.Some Phonetic Changes of the Old English Period
32 2.5.1.Vowels
33 2.5.2. Old English Fracture (Breaking)
33 2.5.3. Palatal Mutation (i-mutation)
34 2.5.4. Back or Velar Mutation (Velarization)
35 2.5.5. Diphthongization of Vowels after Palatal Consonants
35 2.5.6. Lengthening of Vowels
36 2.5.7. Unstressed Vowels
37 2.5.8.Consonants
37 2.5.9. Palatalization of Velar Consonants
38 2.5.10.Assimilation, Metathesis, Doubling of Consonants, Loss of Consonants
38 2.6. Old English Morphology
38 2.6.1. Old English Noun: General Characteristics
40 2.6.2. Vowel Stems: Strong Declension
40 2.6.2.1. a-stems
41 2.6.2.2. ō-stems
41 2.6.2.3. i-stems
42 2.6.2.4. u-stems
42 2.6.3. Consonant Stems: Weak Declension, Minor Declensions
42 2.6.3.1. n-stems: Weak Declension
43 2.6.3.2. r-stems
44 2.6.3.3. s-stems
44 2.6.4. Root-Stems
45 2.6.5. Pronouns
45 2.6.5.1. Personal Pronouns
47 2.6.5.2. Demonstrative Pronouns
47 2.6.6. Adjectives
48 2.6.6.1. Strong Declension of Adjectives
49 2.6.6.2. Weak Declension of Adjectives
49 2.6.6.3. Degrees of Comparison
50 2.6.7. Adverbs
50 2.6.7.1. Formation of Adverbs
51 2.6.7.2. Comparison of Adverbs
51 2.6.8. The Verb: General Characteristics
53 2.6.8.1. Strong Verbs
54 2.6.8.2. Weak Verbs
57 2.6.8.3. Preterite – Present Verbs
59 2.6.8.4. Anomalous verbs
59 2.6.8.5. Suppletive Verbs
60 2.7. Old English Syntax
63 2.8. The Old English Vocabulary
64 2.8.1. Word Building
67 2.8.2. Borrowings
Part 3
MIDDLE ENGLISH
69 3.1. Historical Background
69 3.1.1. Scandinavian Invasions
70 3.1.2. The Norman Conquest
72 3.2. Middle English Dialects, Rise of the London Dialect
73 3.3. Early Middle English Written Records
74 3.4. Word Stress
75 35 3.5. Vowels
75 3.5.1. Unstressed Vowels
77 3.5.2. Stressed vowels
77 3.5.2.1. Quantitative Vowel Changes
79 3.5.2.2. Qualitative Vowel Changes Monophthongs
80 3.5.2.3. Monophthongization of Old English Diphthongs
81 3.5.2.4. Rise of New Diphthong
82 3.6. Evolution of Consonants
83 3.7. Spelling Changes
83 3.7.1. Changes in the Designation of Vowels
84 3.7.2. Changes in the Designation of Consonants
85 3.8. Changes in the Grammatical System
85 3.8.1. Preliminary Remarks
86 3.8.2. The Noun
86 3.8.2.1. Gender
87 3.8.2.2. Numbe
88 3.8.2.3. Decay of Noun Declensions
90 3.8.3. The Adjective
90 3.8.3.1. Declension of Adjectives in Late Middle English
91 3.8.3.2. Degrees of Comparison
92 3.8.4. Adverbs
92 3.8.4.1. Formation of Adverbs
93 3.8.4.2. Comparison of Adverbs
93 3.8.5. The Pronoun
93 3.8.5.1. Personal Pronouns
94 3.8.5.2. Possessive pronouns
95 3.8.5.3. Demonstrative Pronouns
96 3.8.5.4. Rise of the Articles
97 97 3.8.6. The Verb: General Characteristics
98 3.8.6.1. Changes in the Morphological Classes of Verbs, Strong Verbs
100 3.8.6.2. Weak Verbs
102 3.8.6.3. Preterite-Present Verbs
104 3.8.6.4. Suppletive verbs
106 3.8.6.5. Rise of Analytical Forms
11 3.8.7. Development of the Syntactic System
114 3.9. Vocabulary Changes
114 3.9.1. Native Derivational Affixes
115 3.9.2. French Derivational Affixes
117 3.9.3. Scandinavian Borrowings
120 3.9.4. French Borrowings
Part 4
NEW ENGLISH
124 4.1. The formation of the English National Language
125 4.2. Changes in Pronunciation
125 4.2.1. Development of Unstressed Vowels
125 4.2.1.1. Loss of unstressed – e [ə]
126 4.2.1.2. Loss of Vowels in Intermediate Syllables
126 4.2.2. Stressed Vowels
126 4.2.2.1. The Great Vowel Shift
128 4.2.2.2. Shortening of Long Vowels
128 4.2.2.3. Development of Short Vowels
129 4.2.2.4. The Development of the New Short [Λ]
129 4.2.2.5. Changes in Diphthongs
130 4.2.2.6. Vowel Changes under the Influence of Consonants
131 4.2.3. Consonants
132 4.2.3.1. Voicing of Voiceless Consonants
132 4.2.3.2. Loss of Consonants
134 4.2.3.3. Change of [d] to [ð] when Close to [r]
134 4.2.3.4. Development of Sibilants and Affricates
135 4.3. Changes in Spelling
136 4.4. Local Dialects
137 4.4.1. Scottish Dialect
138 4.4.2. Northern Dialects
138 4.4.3. Western, Central and Southern Dialects
139 4.5. Some Essential Grammatical Changes of the New English Period: Morphology
139 4.5.1. The Noun
139 4.5.1.1. Number
140 4.5.1.2. Cases
140 4.5.2. The Pronoun
140 4.5.2.1. Personal Pronouns
140 4.5.2.2. Possessive Pronouns
141 4.5.3. The Adjective
141 4.5.4. Adverbs
142 4.5.5. The Verb
142 4.5.5.1. Personal Endings
142 4.5.5.2. Changes in Strong Verbs
143 4.5.5.3. Changes in Weak Verbs
144 4.5.5.4. Rise of Invariable Verbs
144 4.5.5.5. Changes in Preterite-Present Verbs
146 4.5.5.6. Irregular Verbs
147 4.6. New English Syntax
150 4.7. New English Vocabulary Changes
150 4.7.1. Latin Loanwords
151 4.7.2. Latinization of French Loanwords
151 4.7.3. Greek loanwords
152 4.7.4. French Loanwords
153 4.7.5. Mixed vocabulary of New English
153 4.7.6. Italian and Spanish Loanwords
154 4.7.7. Russian Loanwords
154 4.8. The Expansion of English
155 4.9. The English Language in the USA
155 4.9.1. Some peculiarities of American Pronunciation
159 4.9.2. American Spelling…
159 4.9.3. Some peculiarities of American Grammar
160 4.9.4. Vocabulary of American English
163 Conclusion
164 Bibliography
Настоящее учебное пособие по курсу истории английского языка предназначено для студентов лингвистических факультетов вузов.
Оно составлено в соответствии с ГОС ВПО Специальность 02.26.00 (031201) "Теория и методика преподавания иностранных языков и культур (английский язык)" и рассчитано на количество часов, предусмотренное программами вузов по предмету «История языка и введение в спецфилологию».
Учебное пособие построено на основе исторической периодизации. В нем выделены древнеанглийский, среднеанглийский и новоанглийский периоды. Периодизация позволяет показать развитие языка во всех его многосторонних связях.
Пособие представляет интерес для преподавателей вузов и аспирантов, занимающихся разработкой проблем истории английского языка.